They were not part of the Russian Empire, nor the Ottoman Empire, nor Iran. The Russian Empire, at the peak of its military campaign against the indigenous Muslim population in 1863-1864 ...

The Ottoman Empire (1299-1923) was one of the longest lasting and most territorially extensive of all empires in history. Yet today few know about its nature, whether in Turkey or abroad. Who were the ...

The Balkan Peninsula, a crucial crossroads between Europe and Asia, has a storied history marked by the rise of the Byzantine Empire and the iron grip of the Ottoman Empire. From the conquest of the ...