In addition, in cases of subclavian steal from the vertebral artery, there is a graded system showing a progressive change in the ipsilateral vertebral artery waveform. Grade I lesions demonstrate ...

Medically reviewed by Oliver Eng, MD Arteries are large blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the cells ...

and there is also a hemodynamically significant lesion in the proximal left subclavian artery. Flow reversal can occur in both the vertebral and internal mammary artery, or can be isolated to ...