While these are simplistic explanations of coding methods, they should suffice to illustrate how meaningful data can be carried on radio waves. Each coding scheme has its own unique set of strengths ...

Additionally, paper is rarely uniform at the microscopic scale, so Optar utilizes a forward error-correcting coding scheme to cater for a little irregularity in both printing and scanning.

The AAC scheme uses multiple approaches to stereo coding. Apart from independently coding the audio channels, the standard allows Mid/Side (M/S) coding and intensity stereo coding.