The impulse is then passed to another node within the heart – the atrioventricular node (AVN). This node is in the lower part of the right atrium.

disrupts the cardiac conduction system (CCS) and explored mechanisms of conduction system regeneration versus pathological remodeling to prevent arrhythmias (irregularities in the heart's rhythm).

Cardiac output can be calculated using the following equation: Stroke volume close stroke volumeThe volume of blood pumped from the heart with each beat. is the volume of blood pumped out of each ...