Jul 20, 2017 · As several others have said, older languages like Hittite, Sanskrit, Avestan, Greek, and Latin definitely have more in common with Proto-Indo-European (PIE) as they are not removed as far from the ancestral source in time, and also because PIE was mostly reconstructed in their image. A more interesting question to ask is which modern (still ...

Jan 12, 2017 · Most of the information about Proto-Indo-European that I've used in this answer comes from "Foreign elements in the Proto-Indo-European vocabulary" by Rasmus Gudmundsen Bjørn (2017). He compiles a large number of proposed or potential cognates between PIE and Afroasiatic/Sumerian, along with the Uralic and Caucasian languages.

Another route, which might be more likely for Indo-European languages, is sound shifts. The markings for two genders become similar for all/some words and the two genders merge. Or, some words of gender X start to sound like words of gender Y due to sound shifts, and change genders so that the system of markings will still make sense.

Sep 4, 2019 · Rather, Sanskrit and those other languages all share a common ancestor, called "Proto-Indo-European" (or "Proto-Indogermanic"), which was spoken somewhere between 4500 and 2500 BCE. There are no surviving records of Proto-Indo-European (PIE for short), but scholars have been able to reconstruct it by comparing the languages that are attested ...

Sep 9, 2024 · Some restrictions will be more common than others, but those restrictions will also most likely be more common outside Indo-European (e.g., disallowing initial clusters like /lk/ or /kg/ is near-universal in Indo-European languages, but probably as near-universal globally). –

Generally, all Indo-European Anatolian languages had some kind of agglutinative qualities, apparently because of the substratum languages that were agglutinative e.g. Hattic and Hurrian. Nevetheless, that does not qualify them as agglutinative in the same sense as Korean, Japanese, Turkish, Basque, Berber and so on.

Mar 10, 2024 · It’s called Indo-European because when it was first discovered that Indic and Iranian languages were related to European ones, the name coined for the newly-discovered family was based on its geographical expanse – it basically means ‘spanning from [the western border of] Europe in the west all the way to [the eastern border of] India in the east’.

Dec 22, 2023 · So that would be: Albanian, East Slavic, Insular Celtic, North Germanic, Greek and various Indo-Iranian languages (from both the Indo-Aryan and Iranian subbranches) with forms that are often described as passive, although some of these are more properly medio-passive than true passive.

Oct 29, 2019 · But, there was a system called Linear A that was used from 1800 to 1250 BC. The Rigveda was written around 1500 BC. This means that, unless texts of Proto Indo-European itself were found or something older than this (prob. Anatolian), if the hypothesis that these are Indo-European languages is true, this could be right.

May 11, 2015 · Almost all Indo-european languages spoken in Europe have both definite and indefinite articles - for instance, all Germanic languages and Romance languages have them (correct me if I am wrong). Whereas, none of the languages spoken in India that belong to this family have any articles in the same sense as in, say English.